About 36 per cent of Australian jobs face a significant or high risk of automation, according to a new Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report.
根據最新的OECD報告顯示，澳洲約有36%的工作面臨被自動化取代的高度風險。
來源：Nassim Khadem, ABC, 25 APR 2019, 來源網址The OECD's latest Employment Outlook estimates that across its 34 member countries, 14 per cent of existing jobs could disappear over the next 15 to 20 years, and 32 per cent are likely to change radically.
OECD最新的就業展望報告估計：在其34個成員國中，14%的現有職缺可能在未來15至20年內消失，而32%的職缺可能會有劇烈的改變。
It also found Australia had one of the highest rates of casual workers among its members.
而其也發現澳洲在所有成員國中擁有最高的臨時工比例。
In Australia, one in four workers is a casual worker, and more than half of casual employees report having no guaranteed hours, the report observed.
The report defines casual jobs as "short part-time jobs" that involve working one to 19 hours per week.
報告發現：在澳洲有四分之一的勞工是臨時工，而半數以上的臨時工沒有固定的工時。臨時工在該報告的定義是：短期的兼職工作，每週工時在19小時以下。
Australia is among a number of other nations with high casual worker rates including Netherlands (21 per cent), Denmark (15 per cent) and Switzerland (13 per cent).
澳洲與其他如荷蘭(21%)、丹麥(15%)、瑞士(13%)等國家相比擁有相對高的臨時工比率。
It said the rise in casual work may be partly driven by countries having special forms of atypical part-time contracts, which either involve "very short part-time hours or no established minimum hours at all, such as on-call work and zero-hour contracts".
報告指出臨時工比例的攀升某種程度上可能與該國擁有非典型的兼職工合約類型有關，這包含"非常短的兼職工時"或"完全沒有設定工時"。例如On-Call工作與零工時合約。
Youth underemployed and low paid
青年低度就業與低薪
Although Australia was not as badly hit by the global financial crisis as many other developed countries, it has witnessed one of the largest increases in underemployment across OECD countries since 2007.
雖然澳洲並沒有如其他已開發國家經濟體一樣在全球金融危機中受到重創，自2007年起其低度就業比例仍迎來了OECD國家中最大幅度的成長。
"Young people with medium- and high-level education have seen increases in their probability of low-paid employment in Australia since 2006," the report noted, adding this increase was larger than the OECD average.
自2006年以來，在澳洲中、高教育程度的年輕人低薪就業的比例攀升。而且該報告還注意到其攀升程度較其他OECD國家相比有過之而無不及。
The likelihood of non-employment for young people who have left education has increased in Australia since 2007 from 10.5 per cent to 10.9 per cent. But it remained lower than the OECD average of 13.2 per cent.
自2007年以來在澳洲畢業後未就業的年輕人比例由10.5%上升至10.9%。然而此情形還是比OECD的平均13.2%來的低。
"The labour market experiences of many young people and of those with less than tertiary education has worsened over the past decade," the report observed.
此報告觀察到：進十年來青年人與大專以下學歷的人的勞動市場條件持續惡化。
"In fact, young people with less than tertiary education have been particularly affected, with more of them being under-employed, non-employed or receiving low pay."
事實上，尤其是大專以下學歷的年輕人已受到影響，與其他人比起來他們就業情況更低迷、或是薪情低落。
This finding tallies with Federal Government job vacancy figures that show a dramatic decline in ads for less-educated workers, while there has been a significant increase in demand for staff with university degrees.
這樣的結果與聯邦政府職缺數據顯示低教育程度的徵才廣告數量急遽下滑，而與此同時大專學歷職缺的需求卻顯著增加。
The report's release comes amid a debate about wages growth and job insecurity during the federal election campaign.
報告發表之際正逢澳洲聯邦大選，薪資成長與職缺確保等議題打的正火熱。
On Wednesday Labor leader Bill Shorten proposed laws allowing casuals to request permanent jobs after 12 months with the same company.
在週三工黨領袖Bill Shorten提出了一個讓臨時工可在同一公司就職滿一年後申請轉正職的法案。
Workers would also be given the right to challenge an employer who "unreasonably refuses".
勞工甚至可有挑戰"無理拒絕"的老闆的權力。
Labor said, of the 2.6 million casuals in Australia, more than half have been with their current employer for 12 months and 192,000 for more than 10 years.
The party is also promising to boost the minimum wage, a plan that has drawn criticism from major business groups.
工黨聲稱在澳洲260萬臨時工中，超過半數已在當今雇主處工作超過12個月，而有19萬2千人更是工作超過10年。該黨更承諾要大幅增加最低工資，而這是一個引起主要工商團體批評的計畫。
Time to upskill for future job
是時候要為未來的工作學習新技能了
The report suggested that a large portion of adults will need to upskill or retrain to meet the needs of future jobs as automation replaces many less-skilled functions and, while new jobs will emerge, transitions will not be easy.
該報告還建議在未來自動化可能取代許多低技術需求職缺的情形下，雖然新的職缺會出現，然而轉職沒有那麼容易。所以大部分的成人為了滿足未來工作的需求都將需要學習新技能或再度受訓。
"The quantity of jobs may not fall, but job quality and disparities among workers may worsen," the report warned.
該報告示警："職缺總數或許不會減少，然而其品質與勞工間的M型差距將會惡化。"
The proportion of union members among employees fell from 45.6 per cent in 1986 to 13.7 per cent in 2018, the report noted.
報告指出勞工中工會成員的比例由1986年的45.6%下滑至2018年的13.7%。
Meanwhile, the percentage of employees covered by collective agreements declined from 83 per cent to 58.9 per cent over the same period.
與此同時，受團體協約保障的勞工比率在同一時期也由83%減少為58.9%。
OECD secretary-general Angel Gurria said greater focus must be placed on collective bargaining and social dialogue.
OECD秘書長Angel Gurria說大家需要把關注聚焦在集體談判與社會對話上。
He also called on governments to invest in adult learning to help the most vulnerable deal with changes to work.
他還呼籲政府要投資更多在成人教育上，以協助那些弱勢者應對工作上的變遷。
The report found 48.5 per cent of Australian adults participated in formal or non-formal job-related adult learning in 2012, which was above the OECD average of 40 per cent.
報告發現在2012年時48.5%的澳洲成人有參加正式或非正式的相關職訓，這數字高於OECD平均40%的水準。
But this share dropped to 23 per cent for low-skilled adults, which is 42 percentage points lower than the participation rate for high-skilled adults.
但是在低技術水準勞工上這數字就掉到了23%，與高技術水準的勞工比起來，比率少了42%。
"In the digital era, it is important that people feel that they will be supported if they lose out, and helped in their search for new and better opportunities," Mr Gurria said.
Gurria說："在現今數位時代，讓人們感受到當他們處於不利地位時會有人伸出援手，並幫助他們找到新的、更好的機會是至關重要的。"
註釋：
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 經濟合作暨發展組織，維基
tertiary education: 第三期教育，指中學以後的高等教育，如大學、職院、研究所與專科學校等
tally: 紀錄、計數
沒有留言:
張貼留言